Intertextuality Definition and Examples

Intertextuality refers to the interdependent ways in which texts stand in relation to one another (as well as to the culture at large) to produce meaning. They can influence each other, be derivative of, parody, reference, quote, contrast with, build on, draw from, or even inspire each other. Knowledge does not exist in a vacuum, and neither does literature. Influence, Hidden or Explicit The literary canon is ever growing, and all writers read and are influenced by what they read, even if they write in a genre different than their favorite or most recent reading material. Authors are influenced cumulatively by what theyve read, whether or not they explicitly show their influences on their characters sleeves. Sometimes they do want to draw parallels between their work and an inspirational work or influential canon—think fan fiction or homages. Maybe they want to create  emphasis or contrast or add layers of meaning through an allusion. In so many ways literature can be interconnected intertextually, on purpose or not. Professor Graham Allen credits French theorist Laurent Jenny (in The Strategy of Forms) for drawing a distinction between works which  are explicitly intertextual—such as imitations, parodies, citations, montages and plagiarisms—and those works in which the intertextual relation is not foregrounded (Intertextuality, 2000). Origin A central idea of contemporary literary and cultural theory, intertextuality has its origins in 20th-century  linguistics, particularly in the work of Swiss  linguist  Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913). The term itself was coined by the Bulgarian-French philosopher and psychoanalyst Julia Kristeva in the 1960s. Examples and Observations Intertextuality seems such a useful term because it foregrounds notions of relationality, interconnectedness and interdependence in modern cultural life. In the Postmodern epoch, theorists often claim, it is not possible any longer to speak of originality or the uniqueness of the artistic object, be it a painting or novel, since every artistic object is so clearly assembled from bits and pieces of already existent art.(Graham Allen, Intertextuality. Routledge, 2000)Interpretation is shaped by a complex of relationships between the text, the reader, reading, writing, printing, publishing and history: the history that is inscribed in the language of the text and in the history that is carried in the readers reading. Such a history has been given a name: intertextuality.(Jeanine Parisier Plottel and Hanna Kurz Charney, Introduction to Intertextuality: New Perspectives in Criticism. New York Literary Forum, 1978) A. S. Byatt on Redeploying Sentences in New Contexts Postmodernist ideas about intertextuality and quotation have complicated the simplistic ideas about plagiarism which were in Destry-Scholes day. I myself think that these lifted sentences, in their new contexts, are almost the purest and most beautiful parts of the transmission of scholarship. I began a collection of them, intending, when my time came, to redeploy them with a difference, catching different light at a different angle. That metaphor is from mosaic-making. One of the things I learned in these weeks of research was that the great makers constantly raided previous works—whether in pebble, or marble, or glass, or silver and gold—for tesserae which they rewrought into new images.(A. S. Byatt, The Biographers Tale. Vintage, 2001) Example of Rhetorical Intertextuality [Judith] Still and [Michael] Worton [in Intertextuality: Theories and Practice, 1990] explained that every writer or speaker is a reader of texts (in the broadest sense) before s/he is a creator of texts, and therefore the work of art is inevitably shot through with references, quotations, and influences of every kind (p. 1). For example, we can assume that Geraldine Ferraro, the Democratic congresswoman and vice presidential nominee in 1984, had at some point been exposed to John F. Kennedys Inaugural Address. So, we should not have been surprised to see traces of Kennedys speech in the most important speech of Ferraros career—her address at the Democratic Convention on July 19, 1984. We saw Kennedys influence when Ferraro constructed a variation of Kennedys famous chiasmus, as Ask not what your country can do for you but what you can do for your country was transformed into The issue is not what America can do for women but what women can do for America.(James Jasinski, Sour cebook on Rhetoric. Sage, 2001) Two Types of Intertextuality We can distinguish between two types of intertextuality: iterability and presupposition. Iterability refers to the repeatability of certain textual fragments, to citation in its broadest sense to include not only explicit allusions, references, and quotations within a discourse, but also unannounced sources and influences, clichà ©s, phrases in the air, and traditions. That is to say, every discourse is composed of traces, pieces of other texts that help constitute its meaning. ... Presupposition refers to assumptions a text makes about its referent, its readers, and its context—to portions of the text which are read, but which are not explicitly there. ... Once upon a time is a trace rich in rhetorical presupposition, signaling to even the youngest reader the opening of a fictional narrative. Texts not only refer to but in fact contain other texts. (James E. Porter, Intertextuality and the Discourse Community. Rhetoric Review, Fall 1986)

Hamlet Comparison Essay Movie vs. Play - 2586 Words

Ambrosia Mitchell 3/6/13 English 12 And the Academy Award for Being Over Dramatic Goes To†¦ Tony Robbins said, â€Å"To effectively communicate, we must realize that we are all different in the way we perceive the world and use this understanding as a guide to our communication with others†. Shakespeare’s writing has had many different ways of being presented because people perceive it in different ways. Whether it is a literal representation or a spin, directors like to show viewers the way they perceive the text. In the movie version of Hamlet the director, Kenneth Branagh, wanted the viewers to find Shakespeare interesting and full of action and drama. Kenneth chose the right direction to go in to keep the audience’s attention but it†¦show more content†¦Kenneth Branagh made it seem like Hamlet was following his father’s orders even though in the play he wasn’t. This made the audience feel better about Hamlet because he was actually taking action. Although Kennethâ₠¬â„¢s version of Hamlet’s character took action it is not as tragic as Hamlet’s character in the play because by Hamlet not taking action it shows how sensitive and hurt he was. Hamlet’s father died a tragic death. Shakespeare never clearly states the atmosphere and setting of where Claudius poisoned his brother but Branagh chose a clever way to show it. The scene started off outside of the castle on a snowy day. King Hamlet was taking a nap in a chair when Claudius snuck up behind him. Claudius poured poison in the ear of the king and that is when Hamlet awoke from his sleep and started choking. He looked his brother in the eye and died. Kenneth really made it apparent how evil Claudius is. He watched his own brother die and he felt nothing. He made Claudius act the same way as Shakespeare wrote his character to be. Shakespeare had chosen to have Claudius tell the people of Denmark that Hamlet had been killed by a snake. The snake is a perfect symbol of Claudius. Ever since the beginning of time snakes have been viewed as evil because of the story of Adam and Eve. G-d told Adam and Eve to not eat the fruit from the tree of knowledge. While Adam was e lsewhere a snake, the devil, came to Eve. He used his sly ways to convince Eve to eatShow MoreRelatedGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pages GP NOTES 2010 (ESSAY) Content Page 1. Media a. New vs. Traditional b. New: narcissistic? c. Government Censorship d. Profit-driven Media e. Advertising f. Private life of public figures g. Celebrity as a role model h. Blame media for our problems i. Power + Responsibility of Media j. Media ethics k. New Media and Democracy 2. Science/Tech a. Science and Ethics b. Government and scientist role in science c. Rely too much on technology? d. Nuclear technologyRead MoreMasculinity in the Philippines12625 Words   |  51 Pagespropaganda of gender dimorphism and a militarized form of male initiation. 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Epidemic Of Dengue Virus Free Essays

string(56) " due to foreign persons’ movement within the country\." Ghani et al (2008) conducted a research on the 2006 epidemic of dengue virus at a tertiary care centre in Sindh. The basic reason behind conducting research was to investigate the outcome of a selected group of patients who were either alleged or had been confirmed to be infected with the dengue virus and were being provided treatment at Liaquat Univesity Hospital in Hyderabad. The methodology that was used in this research was that 116 patients were kept under observation as they were being treated for the dengue infection. We will write a custom essay sample on Epidemic Of Dengue Virus or any similar topic only for you Order Now All relevant tests pertaining to finding out whether a person has dengue were conducted. These tests were like investigating the platelet count of the patient for thrombocytopenia, symptoms recognition like myalgia, high febrility, purpura and dengue antibody recognition etc. The clinical information conducted was also supported with other data gathering such as demographics and the data analysis was done on the SPSS 10. 0 software. The findings that were registered indicated that out of 116 patients, only 52 patients had the dengue infection. Almost all of the confirmed cases had indications of thrombocytopenia and leucopenia which are key factors in determining the dengue virus. The mortality rate in this case was that of three deaths. Khan et al (2010) researched on a similar topic as done by Ghani et al (2008) and it relates to the incidence of dengue fever in a tertiary care hospital. The setup in which the research was conducted matched that of Ghani et al (2008) i. e. the sample was selected at Liaquat University Hospital in Hyderabad. The research was also descriptive in nature as it was meant to find out the number of patients who actually had dengue as they had initially been reported with dengue related symptoms but had not been proven positive as yet. The methodology in this regard was that patients and those also who were adults and had been reported with acute fever were checked for dengue fever. The methodology in this regard is different as it is looking into both dengue hemorrhagic and dengue shock syndrome which are varying grades of dengue infection. The procedure for investigating the symptoms was the same as in the case of Ghani et al (2008) in which clinical tests were conducted such as tourniquet test, hematological examination etc. The conclusion was that out of a total of 50 patients, only 20 were confirmed to be suffering from dengue fever out of which only 2 were listed as suffering from dengue hemorrhagic fever; no mortality rate was noticed. Ayyub et al (2006) research is similar to the two that have been discussed before except that this time the setting is not of Pakistan and in fact has been done in a public hospital in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. This particular research aims to target the clinical, laboratory and demographic profile of all the patients that have been confirmed with either dengue fever or dengue hemorrhagic fever and the hospital setting in this regard is King Abdulaziz Hospital Oncology Center in Jeddah. The methodology followed in this regard was of similar nature to the previously mentioned researches. In this one a sample of 80 patients were considered. All of these patients had been admitted in the timeline of May 2004 till April 2005 and the patients’ symptoms were suspected to be that of either dengue fever or dengue hemorrhagic fever. Statistical profiling was done in which the factors that were considered were age, gender, monthly distribution, ethnicity clinical and laboratory profiles. The accumulated data was then analyzed using SPSS version 7. 5 software. The findings indicated that out of 80 patients, only 39 patients were confirmed to have the dengue virus and the male to female ratio was 3. 3:1. The duration of hospitalization was between 4 to 23 days thus making an average of 7. 3 days. Eventually all patients showed signs of improvement and were completely treated towards the end of the period. Rahman et al (2002) research is based upon the initial outbreak of dengue hemorrhagic fever in Bangladesh in 2000. The research is different from the above mentioned three researches as the sample population is confirmed to be suffering from the dengue virus and only the dengue virus serotype has to be confirmed. The methodology consisted of doing an observation for dengue patients in a hospital from July 1- October 31, 2000. The clinical details of every patient were tabulated along with some demographic data such as age. The research is different as it also focuses on the type of dengue viruses through antibody recognition which in this regard are the analysis of immunoglobulin (Ig) M and (Ig) G. The types of viruses were indicated through a test known as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results concluded that out of 176 confirmed dengue patients 60. 2% suffered from dengue fever, 39. 2% suffered from dengue hemorrhagic fever while 0. 6% had dengue shock syndrome. The mortality rate in this case was 1. 14% as two atients died in which one suffered from dengue fever and the other from dengue shock syndrome. Both patients in this regard were adults. Raja and Devi (2006) conducted research on the level of dengue disease prevalent in the teaching hospital which was the University of Malaya in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. This research has been done on a larger scale when compared to other mentioned researches as the timeline of investigation was from 2002 to 2004 and more than 4000 patients were observed and analyzed. The methodology is similar in which demographic, laboratory and clinical features were tabulated and recorded. As in the case of Rahman et al (2002) the ELISA test was also conducted to establish the types of dengue viruses occurring amongst patients and in which proportion. Ethnicity was also taken as a major variable owing to the fact that Malaysia is known for its tourism industry and it was being analyzed whether the dengue virus was present due to foreign persons’ movement within the country. You read "Epidemic Of Dengue Virus" in category "Essay examples" The conclusion of the research was that a total of 4753 patients were recorded to be suffering from dengue virus infection, out of which 2606 were males and 2137 were females and that the most affected age group was from 1 to 10 years then from 21 to 30 years and finally 11 to 20 years. Out of the ethnic groups recorded Malays were the affected ethnicity. The most common dengue infection was that of dengue fever which was around 91% while 5. % were indicated as dengue hemorrhagic fever and only a few cases had dengue shock syndrome. However the results also indicated a rising trend in dengue infections throughout the recorded years and this puts light on the fact that the spread of dengue is increasing yearly and is a cause of alarm and should be carefully controlled. Lum et al (2007) is a very effective research when the results of Raja and Devi (2006) are to be considered and also on the fact concerning the rising trend of the dengue infection. The paper focuses on the prevailing management standards that are set by hospitals to control and treat the spread of dengue virus. The research also looks into the various sectors of dengue management and tries to identify the areas that can be improved upon. The research has been done on a global basis as all of the authors are part of a cross country collaborative study which focuses on dengue case management. The research has been backed up by the World Health Organization (WHO). It is an exploratory research which ims at providing a standardized format in which patients showing symptoms related to dengue infection can be properly diagnosed and if confirmed positive, then what is the type of treatment will be provided for the entire infection cycle. Mostly the research lays emphasis on early detection of onset of dengue infection as negligence can lead to worsening of the patients health and may lead towards either dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome which can prove fatal. The research also focuses on treating patients with varying levels of severity of infection. The research concludes on finding an appropriate management style in which dengue infection can be properly treated and the possible inception of training programs which can be conducted to make the system more efficient. Riaz et al (2009) analyzes on the extent to which dengue fever had occurred in Karachi during the 2006 epidemic. The research primarily focuses on the spread of dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome amongst adult patients who had been admitted in a tertiary care hospital in Karachi. The research is somewhat broader in the context that it also focuses on the cost that patients had to bear during their treatment period. The methodology of study was similar as in the previous mentioned researches that a hospital is chosen in which the statistical information related to dengue is recorded over a period of time, which in this case was from January to December 2006. In this time the number of patients was divided into three categories based on the severity of the dengue infection. The type of symptoms was also noticed in all three categories. The research concluded that the prevalence of dengue fever was on the rise and a lot of patients were falling under the severe infections of DHF and DSS. The alarming fact noticed was that it tended to be in more in younger patients and was also indicated a higher fatality rate. Witayathawornwong (2001) research is very important as it analyzes the severity of dengue hemorrhagic fever amongst infants and the level of seriousness that can occur in this regard. The research is important as it is focusing on a very short age group range and also because this age group is amongst those that are highly susceptible to the spread of dengue fever and the level of complications may be more in this age group. The research was conducted in tertiary care hospital namely Petchabun Hospital which is situated in Thailand. The research only focuses on the patients suffering from dengue hemorrhagic fever and not dengue fever and dengue shock syndrome. The methodology of this research was conducted in a way in which 31 patients from a total of 1044 cases of DHF were chosen. The median age was 8 months. All relevant tests pertaining to the indication of the dengue virus were conducted via clinical and laboratory procedures. The data was categorized in terms of its nature e. g. clinical data, epidemiological data etc. The conclusion of this research was that even though the patients recovered but, the time taken for recovery and the sort of treatment provided was more extensive and required careful handling of the patients and more advanced procedures like plasma or red blood cell replacement. Bhatty et al (2009) research is more of a specialized nature as it focuses on one of the clinical aspects that arise from dengue fever which is that of acute acalculous cholecystitis. This is more commonly known as gall bladder infection and is of secondary nature as it arises due to the onset of dengue fever. The aim of this research is to evaluate the frequency and management of acute acalculous cholecystitis in dengue fever patients. The setting of this research was done in Civil Hospital in Karachi. The methodology of this research was that 40 patients suffering from dengue fever were investigated and tests were performed which would indicate the presence of acute acalculous cholecystitis. This was done through liver function tests, blood sampling and ultrasound which indicated if any liver or gall bladder enlargement was important. The research is important as this secondary infection is an important indicator of whether a person is suffering from dengue or not. Also this infection itself requires careful handling and the preventive procedures have to be kept in check. The findings of this research were that eleven out of 40 patients suffered from acute acalculous cholecystitis which was seen as a major proportion, but no fatality was present and the patients recovered fully by the help of proper clinical procedures and health management. Syed et al (2010) research caters to a very significant area which focuses on the perception of dengue fever by the adults of high and low socioeconomic groups. The research focuses on various dimensions such as how the diverse class groups are knowledgeable about the dengue virus and what is their outlook towards it and that do they take proper preventive procedures of avoiding the spread of the dengue virus or not. The methodology in this regard was done in the form of a cross sectional survey which consisted of targeting the diverse socioeconomic classes prevailing in the Karachi area. In this regard a sample size of 440 adults was taken and the primary data collection tools used was questionnaires. The results were then compiled and run through regression analysis in which knowledge regarding dengue infection was taken. The findings indicated that only about thirty five percent of the sample size had sufficient knowledge concerning dengue and this was also prevalent amongst the higher socioeconomic classes. The findings indicated that the government is not taking proper measures to educate the mass public about dengue virus and what type of proper preventive methods are required to stop the spread of dengue infection. Possibly as the research concludes more attention should be given towards informing the lower socioeconomic groups. How to cite Epidemic Of Dengue Virus, Essay examples

Health Literacy in Regards to Effective Communication

Question: Discuss about theHealth Literacy in Regards to Effective Communication. Answer: Introduction Health literacy is related to the skills required obtain, impute and process information pertaining to problems related to health like treatment and preventive methods of diseases, safety measures and accident prevention, primary medical aid, drugs and alcohol, emergencies and living a healthy life (Australian Bureau of Statistics). However, there is variation in the way health literacy is understood and applied. Ethnic and linguistic diversity is also an important barrier which should be considered, especially in a context to highly diversified country. Cultural competency is a crucial strategy for minimising the disparity in healthcare access and quality of healthcare provided by the organization. A health care system which is culturally competent can help to ameliorate the standards of health and care. It also helps in removing racial and cultural health disparities. Training about the cultural beliefs and diverse ethnic issues to service providers of the health organization would be beneficial. Also making strategies which overcomes system and language related hurdles to patient service would help to achieve goal of the organization. Effective Communication Communication is one of the foundations of health care. Effective communication is must for the interaction in healthcare. It includes making appointments and registering, discussing the medical condition, treatments and understanding the precautions and care. Health communication is stated as the interpersonal and communication with the mass activities focusing on enhancing the health of people and masses (Ishikawa Takahiro, 2010). Health Literacy in Regards to Effective Communication Health literacy is recognised as a determinant of health and quality of health care. Poor communication is one of the reasons of low quality health care in the health care organization. Consideration of health literacy in relation to language and culture is important in diverse health care environment. Effective communication should be observed at the level of organization, administration and personal terms to meet the diverse needs of health care. There is rise in recognition of the level of interrelation in health literacy and effective communication but only few attempts have been made to integrate them, for example, in the health professional training or developing organizational standards. Issues Health literacy status and effective communication between patient and the organization can be observed through the behaviour of the patients. They face several challenges. In many cases patients have issues learning about their medical conditions.Many of them lack the confidence in completing the medical forms by themselves. Few also require help in reading the hospital material. A discretion depicting the relation of health related knowledge to effective communication is also observed. Communication is measured differently in different framework of health literacy .About 25% population of northern territory in aboriginal in Australia and approximately 70% speak different languages at home other than English. It is more in remote areas. Some reports suggest that the difference in cultural and educational backgrounds between the patients and the health professionals lead to problems in health literacy (Lowell Schmitt 2014). Language barriers may be one the important factor in obstructing interactive patient-physician communication. For example, if an aboriginal patient seeks a health care physician from the same ethnic background, for the treatment of a particular disease and the traditional remedies. Both of them will have a comfortable and good quality communication leading a high level of health literacy because they speak the same language and share the common background. On the other hand, if there are an aboriginal patient (who does not speak English) and a non- aboriginal professional discussing a particular disease without using an interpreter. They will have a poor communication and a low level of health literacy because of the language and cultural gap. The patient may not have the idea about the medical terms and the medical language associated with the disease and the health care professional may not understand the patients knowledge about the disease and the conditions. This will affect the standards of the organization and the service they provide. The culturally bound beliefs, values of a person influence his knowledge of interpreting healthcare messages. Studies suggest that health literacy is a problem associated not just with the professionals working for the urban or poor population but it is an extensive problem associated with several communities. For example, the elder citizens mostly have less knowledge about health literacy in comparison to young generation which leads to poor communication and thus affecting the service of health care. (Baker, Gazmararian Sudano Patterson 2000). Getting information from internet is also a challenge for the elderly, poor and non English speaking population. Quality of the health information received is also not checked (Smith Malone, 2008; Walji et al., 2004). Studies are being conducted to determine the patients who are mostly vulnerable because of low health literacy. The test of foundation health literacy in adults (TOFHLA) and rapid estimate of adult literacy in medicine (REALM) are in use to check the health literacy and translated into many languages to be used in different cultures ( Dewalt, 2004) Merits and Demerits Health literacy can help in developing a good understanding of diseases and the health care organization services among the patients. As per the study conducted (Berkman) people having sufficient knowledge about health literacy can reach out, understand the health information opinions and instructions of the physician. This will lead to an effective communication and thus will helps in improving the management of chronic diseases, prevention of infections, and spread of severe viral diseases. A study religious leaders lead the way by WHO in Jordan gives a good example of health literacy in regards to effective communication. The study helped in improving the frequency and number of the religious leaders who guide the public about family planning, reproductive health and gender equality. The leaders were trained to improve their communication skills with the masses, knowledge about the health issues. The results were good as the family planning rate increased by approx 30% in four yea rs. Australia is a country with people from diverse cultural background. Culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) population from countries where the native language is not English. They are prone to develop preventable chronic diseases like diabetes mellitus, respiratory disorders and cardio vascular diseases. The factors responsible for this include the lack of access to the services provided by the health organization. The CALD population expressed that they require more access to interpreters and communication related to their culture and education. They consider themselves as being discriminated and also experience racism which will create an unhealthy environment in the country. This problem can be attributed to the miscommunication which resulted due to lack of health literacy among the CALD population. Challenges The major challenges faced by the health professional include interacting with patients having poor health literacy and wining their trust. Patient with different socio-economic status, cultural background, education face difficulty while interacting with health professional from different background. The comfort level of the patient is also low while discussing a health issue with the professional. Also many times the patient does not prefer the same organization each time they require care. This hampers the quality of services by the organization. Strategies to Overcome the Hurdles Many organizations and professionals believe that communication is more effective when it is patient-centred, fulfilling patients need and preferences. (Stewart, 2001). The organization should be responsible for maintaining a patient- centred communication in every respect, from providing patient forms, reports, patients educational material and training professionals to be able to have a better communication with the patients. Professional should develop their skills to identify health literacy assumptions and biases as a part of cultural understanding. Strategies should be made to reach populations that may not understand the information and jargon in English. This includes patients who have a limited or no English proficiency, low health literacy or having diverse ethnic background. In addition to this health care disparities occur when miscommunication disproportionally affects certain patient populations. (IOM, 2001). It is important to overcome such problems to meet the national health policy goals. A health care service provider must also be aware of the ethical values of the patients to provide better services. It should serve the needs of the people related to diverse cultural background. Health literacy, cultural competence and linguistic competence are must in order to maintain an effective communication because these integrations are important for health care to serve the needs of diverse communities. (Pleasant Mc kinney, 2011). Although oral communication skills are recognised as an important feature of health literacy, some scientists consider cultural and conceptual knowledge, the use of information by an individual and interaction between health service providers and administration should be included in health literacy. Few other consider that the measures are inadequate. Scientist suggest to include the skill like cultural a conceptual knowledge, the way individuals assess the information and their communication with the professionals to be also measured to overcome the bridge of ineffective communication and create a better health environment in the society. Conclusion The goal of using techniques and methods to improve health literacy among the professionals and the patients from diverse culture should be to enhance quality of health for the people acknowledging patients understanding about their health condition treatment and precautions. The way they assess the various information regarding the health issues. This can be achieved by developing a better patient physician interactions which involves effective communication techniques like patient-centred communication and ensuring their skills and knowledge about the issues .the barriers which limit the professionals in improving the communication should be removed. New ways should be created to overcome the hurdles by the system to improve the effective health literacy and reduce the demands of the patients. References Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2009). Australian Social Trends: Using Statistics to paint a picture ofAustralian Society. Cat no. 4102.0. ABS: Canberra. Ishikawa, H., Takahiro, K. (2010). Health Literacy and health communication. BioPshychoSocialMedicine, 4(18). Viewed on 15 September 2016 from https://www.bpsmedicine.com Baker, D., Gazmararian, G. A., Sudano, J., Patterson, M. (2000). The association between age andhealth literacy among elderly persons. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 55(6), 368. Smith, E. A., Malone, R. E. (2008) Philip Morriss health information website appears responsible but undermines public health. Public Health Nursing. 25, 554-564. Walji, M., Sagaram, S., Sagaram, D., Meric-Bernstam, F., Johnson, C., Mirza, N. Q., Bernstam, E. (2004). Efficacy of quality criteria to identify potentially harmful information; A cross-sectional survey of complementary alternatives medicine websites. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 6. Retrieved on 15 September 2016, from https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1550600 Eqbert, N. Nanna, K. M. (2009). Health Literacy: Challenges and Strategies. The Online Journal of Issues in nursing. Retrieved from https://www.nursingwolrd.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Vol142009/ Pleasant, A., McKinney, J., Rikard, R.V. (2011). Health Literacy Measurement: A Proposed Research Agenda. Journal of Health Communication: International Perspectives, 16(sup3),11-12 Dewalt, D.A., Berkman, N. D., Sheridan, S., Lohr, K. N., Pignone, M. P. (2004). Literacy and health outcomes. Journal of General Internal Medicines, 19, 1228-1239. Viewed on 15 September 2016 from https://www.nursingwolrd.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Vol142009/ Berkman, N. D., Davis, T. C., McCormack, L. (2010). Health literacy: what is it? J Health Commun Int Perspect.15 (1 supp 2):9-19. Doi: 10.1080/108110730.2010.499985. Viewed on15 September 2016. Retrieved fromhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4267746/#CR20 Ratzan, S, C. (2010). The Importance of Improving Health Literacy. Viewed on 14September 2016 from https://www.blogjnj.com/2010/06/the-importance-of-improving-health-literacy/ Kripalani, S, and Weiss, B, D. (2006). Teaching About Health Literacy and ClearCommunication, Journal of General Internal Medicine. 21(8): 888 890. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1831575/ Osborne, H. (2013). Health Literacy from A to Z: Practical ways to communicate your health messages. (ed. 2nd). Jones and Bartlett: Wall Street Burlington, https://books.google.co.in/books?id=kf9_IDhdRdcCprintsec=frontcoverdq=communication+and+health+literacyhl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwi0p8iL8Y7PAhUBPBQKHX8cCkEQ6AEIIjAB#v=onepageq=communication%20and%20health%20literacyf=false