Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: History and Applications

Nuclear Absorption Spectroscopy: History and Applications 1.0 Introduction Nuclear Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) identifies with the investigation of the retention of brilliant vitality normally inside the bright or perhaps in the obvious area of the electromagnetic range by separated iotas in the vaporous stage. Taking into account that, in Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, the analyte is acquainted with the optical light emission instrument as free particles, all the imaginable rotational and vibrational vitality levels are degenerate (of a similar vitality). In opposition to the retention spectra of polyatomic concoction species (particles or atoms) in which there is regularly an assortment of plausible advances comparing to a few rotational and vibrational vitality levels superimposed on unmistakable electronic vitality levels, the spectra of free iotas are described by simply a sensibly not very many sharp absorbances (line spectra) which are frequently associated with changes in electronic vitality levels. The large number of conceivable distinctive vit ality levels open to polyatomic species prompts very nearly a continuum of potential changes. Thus the spectra of particles (atoms) are included to some degree wide groups which are brought about by the halfway goals of a few individual changes. Henceforth, one element of nuclear spectra is their straightforwardness contrasted with the spectra of polyatomic species. 2.0 History of Atomic Spectroscopy The recorded past related with nuclear spectroscopy can be legitimately connected to the investigation of sunshine. In 1802, the German analyst Wollaston archived the presence of dark shaded areas (lines) inside the range of characteristic light. These sort of areas started to be alluded to as Fraunhofer lines out of appreciation for the researcher who really contributed the greater part of his famous vocation getting them. It had been suggested, as ahead of schedule as 1820, these specific Fraunhofer lines came about because of ingestion forms that occurred inside the suns condition. Kirchoff and Bunsen set up that the standard yellowish light created by sodium mixes, when situated in a fire, appeared to be like the dark shaded D line in suns range. A few logical examinations applying an early spectrometer lead Kirchoff (1859) to report that for all intents and purposes any substance which could transmit light at a gave frequency additionally can retain light at that equivalent defi nite frequency. He was the absolute first scientist to find that theres a practically identical relationship viewing the retention range just as the outflow range of exactly the same component. Agricola in 1550 utilized the trademark hues related with exhaust to control the entire procedure of refining of minerals. Talbot (1826) and Wheatstone (1835) asserted the way that hues related with fire and sparkle prompted outflows were run of the mill of particular substances. The real quantitative features of nuclear spectroscopy have been planned only inside the previous 60-70 years. The replacement of photoelectric gadgets relating to visual discovery and furthermore the headway and commercialisation of hardware return to the later piece of 1930s. The making of every one of these gadgets was made doable not just inferable from proceeded with progression in the comprehension of the rule cosmetics and conduct of particles however have additionally been fortified by the developing acknowledgment that the presence of insignificant and follow amounts (low mg/kg) of explicit components can affect modern procedures generously. Therefore, gadgets had been created in light of specialized and mechanical requests. Contemporary nuclear spectroscopy could in all likelihood be partitioned in a perfect world into 3 associated procedures dependent on the procedures utilized to create, to have the option to recognize just as decide the free iotas of analyte. While nuclear ingestion spectrometry (AAS) figures the measure of light consumed by molecules of analyte, nuclear discharge and nuclear fluorescence decide the measure of the radiation produced by analyte iotas (albeit under particular conditions) that have been elevated to expanded vitality levels (energized states). Nuclear outflow (AE) and nuclear fluorescence (AF) shift fundamentally in the systems through which analyte molecules get the additional vitality related with their energized states; maybe by methods for collisional occasions (AE) or through the assimilation of brilliant vitality (AF). All of these 3 spectroscopic strategies can surely be named a follow strategy (which means both a more elevated level of affectability and furthermo re a high selectivity), can be relevant to various components, but then comparative with the other two, each individual procedure presents explicit advantages just as disadvantages. Since the time the appearance of business nuclear assimilation spectrometry gadgets around the mid 1960s, this particular method has immediately gotten wide acknowledgment to where reviews of hardware accessible in logical labs have suggested, continually, that an AAS instrument is really the fourth or fifth most well known instrument (surpassed uniquely by a parity, a pH meter, a bright obvious spectrophotometer and potentially a HPLC). 3.0 Principles 3.1 Energy Transitions in Atoms Nuclear retention spectra typically are produced in the occasion that ground state particles retain vitality starting from a radiation source. Nuclear outflow spectra will in general be produced whenever energized impartial molecules release vitality after returning to the ground state or just a decreased vitality state. Ingestion of a photon related with the radiation will make an outside shell electron bounce to a more noteworthy vitality level, exchanging the specific iota in to an energized state. The energized iota will positively drop back again to a decreased vitality state, freeing a photon during this procedure. Particles assimilate or release radiation of unmistakable frequencies thinking about that the allowed vitality levels of electrons in molecules are commonly fixed (not self-assertive). The vitality change of an average progress including 2 vitality levels is corresponding to your recurrence of the consumed radiation: Eeˆ’Eg = hãžâ ½ where: Ee = vitality in energized state Eg = vitality in ground state h = Plancks consistent Þâ ½ = recurrence of the radiation Reworking, we have: Þâ ½ = (Ee ˆ’ Eg)/h or on the other hand, since Þâ ½ = c/Þâ » Þâ » = hc/(Ee ˆ’ Eg) where: c = speed of light Þâ » = frequency of the assimilated or discharged light The previously mentioned connections show that for some random electronic progress, the radiation of any particular frequency will be conceivably ingested or produced. Each and every component contains an unmistakable arrangement of allowed advances and therefore a particular range. Relating to ingestion, advances incorporate mainly the excitation of electrons in the ground state, in this way the measure of changes is genuinely insignificant. Outflow, on the other hand, happens if electrons in various energized states drop to diminished vitality levels which incorporates, yet not confined to, the ground state. That is the reason the emanation range has unmistakably more lines contrasted with the ingestion range. At whatever point a change is through just as to the ground express, its named a reverberation progress. Moreover, the resulting ghostly line is named as a reverberation line. 3.2 Atomization Nuclear spectroscopy requires that molecules having a place with the component of intrigue stay in the nuclear state (i.e not combined with different segments inside a compound) also that they should be appropriately isolated in space. In staples, practically all the parts exist as mixes or maybe buildings and, accordingly, ought to be changed into impartial particles (atomized) preceding nuclear assimilation can be cultivated. Atomization requires secluding particles in to singular mixes (by vaporization) and afterward breaking these mixes in to molecules. Most regularly it is accomplished essentially by presenting the analyte to unnecessary warmth utilizing a fire or maybe plasma despite the fact that elective techniques can be used. An answer involving the analyte is ordinarily positioned in the fire or plasma as fine fog. The genuine dissolvable promptly vanishes, deserting strong particles inside the analyte which disintegrates just as deteriorates to iotas which may assimilate radiation. This wonder is basically the nuclear ingestion. This instrument is shown schematically in the figure nearby this depiction. 4.0 Instrumentation The ordinary plan of the nuclear retention spectrometer is surprisingly simple and not unmistakable from the more notable spectrophotometers used for fluid stage contemplates. It is comprised of: A light source that creates the range of the component of intrigue. Conventionally an empty cathode light (HCL) and furthermore the terminal less release light (EDL) are utilized as light sources A molecule supply (which fills in as an ingestion cell) through which free particles of your analyte are normally delivered usually a fire. Ordinarily a nebulizer-burner framework just as an electrothermal heater work as a molecule supply. A monochromator, (a bit of hardware to determine the transmitted light in to its segment frequencies) which has a customizable leave cut to pick the frequency commending to your full line. By and large a bright noticeable (UV-Vis) grinding monochromator is used. An identifier (a photomultiplier tube (PMT) or perhaps a strong state indicator (SSD) having subordinate hardware to decide the radiation power and furthermore to intensify the resulting signal. Fire photometers have one vital drawback the fire is a glowing wellspring of radiation. The instrument must perceive the commitment from the fire and dismissal it. The intensity of the bar transmitted to the identifier (P) will probably be proportional to the intensity of the pillar episode on the example (Po) barring the intensity of the bar retained (PA) by the example including a commitment from the

Outline and explain the religious and secular argu Essay Example For Students

Diagram and clarify the strict and mainstream argu Essay Mrments encompassing both anticipation and end of pregnancyContraception is the intentional avoidance of pregnancy utilizing a few strategies accessible today. Family arranging is the strategy that alludes to the creation choices about when and what number of youngsters to have, and picking approach to accomplish this. Catholics accept that sex ought to be procreative, unitive, open and conscious. They accept that a human’s sexuality is a blessing from God and that it ought to be regarded, they accept that unnatural types of contraception energize ‘casual sex’ with numerous accomplices. ‘Casual sex’ is neither unitive nor informative. Rather than the utilization of unnatural types of contraception, for example, the condom or the utilization of Spermicidal or hormonal contraceptives, they propose the act of Natural Family Planning. This framework is one whereby the couple controls from sex during the most prolific time of a woman’s menstrual cycle. This period ranges from five days before ovulation to two days after ovulation. One method of deciding fruitfulness is the basal internal heat level strategy, where a lady takes her temperature simultaneously every morning before getting up. In a great deal of ladies, internal heat level ascents around one degree up on the arrival of ovulation and remains raised for a few days. This sort of preventative technique can just is utilized in a steady and progressing relationship, a relationship wherein sexuality is regarded and the relationship is unitive. Individuals regularly rule against this alternative since it is just 81 percent successful. Catholic couples that utilization Natural Family Planning should aside from and think about the youngster that my outcome from that 19 percent, this isn't an issue perceived in the Catholic confidence, as sex to them must be procreative. Numerous individuals use contraception with the goal that a relationship can be maintained a strategic distance from yet this isn't procreative or unitive so again this contention for contraception is excused by the Catholic Church. Non-strict and strict gatherings both help contraception for various valid justifications one of the contentions they use for contraception is that in the USA, around 56 percent of ladies betwee n 16 to 45 years of age practice conception prevention. At the point when anti-conception medication isn't utilized around 85/86 percent of explicitly dynamic guardians experience a pregnancy. Contraception obviously forestalls undesirable pregnancies, which if the lady has any clinical afflictions could bring about death of the mother or of the youngster or both. It is regularly referenced by individuals other than the catholic’ s that it is up to the particular people included and that they ought to follow their inner voice, this isn't dismissed by the catholic confidence however they contend that if an individual is left to follow their still, small voice they should have an educated still, small voice. Premature birth is the end or closure of pregnancy before the introduction of a youngster, coming about in, or joined by, the demise of the baby (unborn kid). A few premature births happen normally in light of the fact that a hatchling doesn't grow typically. Premature births are instigated, in light of the fact that a pregnancy is undesirable or presents a hazard to a woman’s wellbeing. It was sanctioned (premature birth act) in 1968 in light of the fact that before then there were hundreds passings brought about by back road premature births each year. It was believed that it is smarter to authorize premature births and make it a protected technique than to permit further amazing. Some mainstream social orders contend for fetus removal saying that it is a method of maintaining a strategic distance from hereditary deformities, for example, Downs Syndrome. However, the Church contends against this colloquialism that try not to have the option to direct another individuals desperate regardless of what circumstance or imperfection, to slaughter the youngster since it isn't ‘perfect’ according to a â€Å"normal† individual is a ‘throwing away’ of Gods endowment of life to that individual. It says in Genesis 1:26 ‘Then God said â€Å"let us make man in our image.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ God didn't require us so we are in this way a blessing; to murder a ‘imperfect child’ is a dismissal of that blessing. God adores that individual for what they are and doesn't see the defects that others may have. According to God all men/ladies are equivalent in Galatians 3:28 it sa ys: ‘There is neither Jew nor Greek there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male nor female for you are every one of the one in Christ. Another contention for premature birth is that the prematurely ended embryo isn't an individual †mainstream contention. The congregation connects this contention and says that we can't make certain of the hour of ensoulment, when a hatchling turns into an individual (person), it is smarter to take this point from the most punctual time conceivable, this is the snapshot of origination. In the event that starting here it is an individual (living being) at that point it is just plain wrong to demolish the life of that individual which is a blessing from God in light of the fact that in the Ten Commandments it says ‘thou shalt no kill.’ We realize that individuals are a blessing from God in light of the fact that in 1 Sam 1:20 it says: ‘in due time Hannah imagined and bore a child. She named him Samuel, for she sta ted, â€Å"I have solicited him from the Lord†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ this is a fundamentalist view.At the snapshot of origination, when the male sperm and female ovum combine both half cells †23 chromosomes (qualities) in each wire to make a one of a kind individual (human), related however not totally like it guardians, another individual is made and has along these lines all the privileges of a brought into the world person, thus among others the Catholic Church totally opposes premature birth, with the exception of in the instances of malignancy of the belly or an ectopic pregnancy. For the situation if disease, after both chemotherapy and radiotherapy have been attempted and there is no decision fetus removal is attainable. On account of an ectopic pregnancy †were the hatchling starts to create in the fallopian tube, medical procedure to expel the fallopian cylinder may start. For this situation you are acting to confine underhanded, the insidiousness of the demise of the inf ant is out weighed by the life of the mother and along these lines the rule of Double Effect becomes an integral factor, the passing of the youngster in both of the above cases is inescapable hence it is ideal to permit the mother to live. .u5b435b8f7cea7056b51efd9e83409030 , .u5b435b8f7cea7056b51efd9e83409030 .postImageUrl , .u5b435b8f7cea7056b51efd9e83409030 .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u5b435b8f7cea7056b51efd9e83409030 , .u5b435b8f7cea7056b51efd9e83409030:hover , .u5b435b8f7cea7056b51efd9e83409030:visited , .u5b435b8f7cea7056b51efd9e83409030:active { border:0!important; } .u5b435b8f7cea7056b51efd9e83409030 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u5b435b8f7cea7056b51efd9e83409030 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u5b435b8f7cea7056b51efd9e83409030:active , .u5b435b8f7cea7056b51efd9e83409030:hover { obscurity: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u5b435b8f7cea7056b51efd9e83409030 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u 5b435b8f7cea7056b51efd9e83409030 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content design: underline; } .u5b435b8f7cea7056b51efd9e83409030 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u5b435b8f7cea7056b51efd9e83409030 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content adornment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5b435b8f7cea7056b51efd9e83409030:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u5b435b8f7cea7056b51efd9e83409 030 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u5b435b8f7cea7056b51efd9e83409030-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u5b435b8f7cea7056b51efd9e83409030:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Fall Of Rome EssayBibliography:My Own Work and Research

If You Have Bad Credit, There Arent Grants That Can Help You

If You Have Bad Credit, There Arent Grants That Can Help You If You Have Bad Credit, There Arent Grants That Can Help You If You Have Bad Credit, There Arent Grants That Can Help YouWhile the government does have grant programs aimed at helping people in need, they arent the kind of thing that you can just apply for directly.Loans are a necessary part of modern-day life. Without them, most people wouldn’t be able to afford any large purchases like houses, cars, or even furniture and other major appliances. Being able to put down a little money now and pay something off over time in exchange for some interest allows folks to live better than they otherwise could.But when you have bad credit, getting a personal loan can be tough. Real tough. And borrowing from a traditional lender, like a bank, is pretty much impossible. While there are many safe, responsible bad credit loans available, there are also tons of dangerous predatory loans that will trap you in a never-ending cycle of debt.if you’ve seen ads promising a government grant for someone with bad credit, you might think this is the answer to you r problems. But it’s not. While there are grants designed to help people with low incomes, they aren’t something where you can simply go online, fill out a form, and expect a deposit in your bank account. More likely than not, the ad you’re seeing is a scam.How is a grant different from a loan?The main difference between loans and grants is simple: Loans have to be repaid, while grants do not. When you take out a loan, you are borrowing money. The institution that lent it to you is expecting you to pay them back, plus interest. When you take out a grant, the institution is giving you money for a specific purpose. No repayment required.Both loans and grants can be made to individuals or organizations. Loans typically come from banks or lenders, while grants can come from a variety of sources, like schools, non-profits, individuals, and trusts. The federal government also doles out tons of both, as do state governments.Because grants don’t have to be repaid, you’ll see peopl e refer to them as “free money.” And you know what? That’s true! When you take out a loan, you’re not getting free money. You’re paying interest so that the lender can reduce their risk and turn a profit. With a grant, you’re not paying any extra costs. However, the term “free money” gets used a bit too … freely.Most federal grants go to businesses and states, not people.This is the biggest reason why you can’t just go get a grant to help stabilize your finances. The Federal government does provide financial aid resources to help people in need, but they do so by dispersing money to nonprofit organizations and state or local governments. Even federal benefits like Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program or SNAP (also known as “food stamps”) are administered through individual states.One of the major exceptions to this rule is if you’re in an area that’s been hit by a natural disaster. In cases like that, you should be able to apply directly to the feder al government for assistance. You can learn more by visiting DisasterAssistance.gov.When it comes to lending, the government usually insures or helps private lenders arrange loans rather than lending money to individuals itself. The government’s involvement helps people qualify for loans who would not otherwise be able to. For instance, you might be able to qualify for an FHA mortgage loan, which is insured by the government and come with lower capital requirements.If eligible, you should apply for government benefits.If you’re going to get a grant from the government, it is likely going to be in the form of public assistance, and it’s probably going to be administered by your state or local government. Government programs you might qualify for include SNAP, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Supplemental Security Income (SSI), and Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP). Additional programs are available for US Veterans.Eligibility will vary depending on age, location, and income. Meanwhile, just because you are eligible for a government program does not mean that you will be accepted, so don’t limit your search to these larger federal programs. You should also check out local government programs in your city, state, or county, as well as grants that are offered by local non-profits and aid organizations.Programs like these are not what most people are thinking of when they think “I need a grant” but they are the closest thing that you’ll find. And if someone comes along offering you something better, it’s most likely a scam.Beware of “government grant” or “free money” offers.Con artists love dangling promises of free money to entice potential victims. If you get an email in your inbox promising an easy “government grant” or someone calls you with a fantastic sounding pitch for “free money,” they are a scammer. You are being scammed.The jerks who run these scams are likely looking to do one of two things . They either want you to pay some kind of upfront fee, after which they disappear, or they want to get your personal/financial infoâ€"stuff like your bank account and social security numbersâ€"at which point they’ll steal your identity. Either way, their only goal is to screw you over!If you receive an email promising free money or a government grant, delete it. Don’t even open it, and certainly don’t click on any links it contains. Doing so will open you up to a phishing scheme, where scammers steal your online ids and logins.And if you receive a phone call from someone making similar promises, just hang up on them. Whatever you do, refrain from giving them any personal information over the phone. Even if they pinky swear that they’re from a legitimate government branch, ask them for all their relevant business and contact info. That’ll make them get off the line right quick.If you have bad credit and need money, there are other options.When you have a credit score below 630 and you have an unexpected expense, like a car repair or a medical bill, you’re going to be in a tough spot. Building up an emergency fund is the best way to handle situations like these, but that’s more a long-term play. If you need money, and need it now, your options will be limitedâ€"especially since a “government grant” won’t be on the table.Borrowing money from your family can be a good way to goâ€"even if it might mean swallowing your prideâ€"but lots of people don’t have that option. You can also try pawning some of your valuable, but the trouble with pawn shop is that you’ll probably only receive a fraction of what your item is worth. In many cases, the sentimental value will be much higher than what you can get for it.Putting the bill on your credit card isn’t great, but it’s much better than settling for a high-cost no credit check loan. Short-term “cash advance” products like payday loans and title loans can all too easily lead to a predatory c ycle of debt. You don’t want that, trust us. The right installment loan, one with affordable payments, is likely a much better option.No matter what kind of loan you end up taking out, make sure you do your research. Borrowing money means being on the hook for repayment, and there could be dire consequences for your credit score if you default on your loan agreement. Sure, a grant would be far preferable to loan but, for all their faults, bad credit loans have a big leg-up on bad credit grants: They actually exist.To learn more tips about living with a bad credit score, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:Yes, You Can Get Fired For Having Bad CreditHow Bad Credit Can Affect Your UtilitiesCan Bad Credit Keep You From Getting That Apartment?Has someone ever tried to scam you with a fake grant offer? We want to hear from you! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.

Intertextuality Definition and Examples

Intertextuality refers to the interdependent ways in which texts stand in relation to one another (as well as to the culture at large) to produce meaning. They can influence each other, be derivative of, parody, reference, quote, contrast with, build on, draw from, or even inspire each other. Knowledge does not exist in a vacuum, and neither does literature. Influence, Hidden or Explicit The literary canon is ever growing, and all writers read and are influenced by what they read, even if they write in a genre different than their favorite or most recent reading material. Authors are influenced cumulatively by what theyve read, whether or not they explicitly show their influences on their characters sleeves. Sometimes they do want to draw parallels between their work and an inspirational work or influential canon—think fan fiction or homages. Maybe they want to create  emphasis or contrast or add layers of meaning through an allusion. In so many ways literature can be interconnected intertextually, on purpose or not. Professor Graham Allen credits French theorist Laurent Jenny (in The Strategy of Forms) for drawing a distinction between works which  are explicitly intertextual—such as imitations, parodies, citations, montages and plagiarisms—and those works in which the intertextual relation is not foregrounded (Intertextuality, 2000). Origin A central idea of contemporary literary and cultural theory, intertextuality has its origins in 20th-century  linguistics, particularly in the work of Swiss  linguist  Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913). The term itself was coined by the Bulgarian-French philosopher and psychoanalyst Julia Kristeva in the 1960s. Examples and Observations Intertextuality seems such a useful term because it foregrounds notions of relationality, interconnectedness and interdependence in modern cultural life. In the Postmodern epoch, theorists often claim, it is not possible any longer to speak of originality or the uniqueness of the artistic object, be it a painting or novel, since every artistic object is so clearly assembled from bits and pieces of already existent art.(Graham Allen, Intertextuality. Routledge, 2000)Interpretation is shaped by a complex of relationships between the text, the reader, reading, writing, printing, publishing and history: the history that is inscribed in the language of the text and in the history that is carried in the readers reading. Such a history has been given a name: intertextuality.(Jeanine Parisier Plottel and Hanna Kurz Charney, Introduction to Intertextuality: New Perspectives in Criticism. New York Literary Forum, 1978) A. S. Byatt on Redeploying Sentences in New Contexts Postmodernist ideas about intertextuality and quotation have complicated the simplistic ideas about plagiarism which were in Destry-Scholes day. I myself think that these lifted sentences, in their new contexts, are almost the purest and most beautiful parts of the transmission of scholarship. I began a collection of them, intending, when my time came, to redeploy them with a difference, catching different light at a different angle. That metaphor is from mosaic-making. One of the things I learned in these weeks of research was that the great makers constantly raided previous works—whether in pebble, or marble, or glass, or silver and gold—for tesserae which they rewrought into new images.(A. S. Byatt, The Biographers Tale. Vintage, 2001) Example of Rhetorical Intertextuality [Judith] Still and [Michael] Worton [in Intertextuality: Theories and Practice, 1990] explained that every writer or speaker is a reader of texts (in the broadest sense) before s/he is a creator of texts, and therefore the work of art is inevitably shot through with references, quotations, and influences of every kind (p. 1). For example, we can assume that Geraldine Ferraro, the Democratic congresswoman and vice presidential nominee in 1984, had at some point been exposed to John F. Kennedys Inaugural Address. So, we should not have been surprised to see traces of Kennedys speech in the most important speech of Ferraros career—her address at the Democratic Convention on July 19, 1984. We saw Kennedys influence when Ferraro constructed a variation of Kennedys famous chiasmus, as Ask not what your country can do for you but what you can do for your country was transformed into The issue is not what America can do for women but what women can do for America.(James Jasinski, Sour cebook on Rhetoric. Sage, 2001) Two Types of Intertextuality We can distinguish between two types of intertextuality: iterability and presupposition. Iterability refers to the repeatability of certain textual fragments, to citation in its broadest sense to include not only explicit allusions, references, and quotations within a discourse, but also unannounced sources and influences, clichà ©s, phrases in the air, and traditions. That is to say, every discourse is composed of traces, pieces of other texts that help constitute its meaning. ... Presupposition refers to assumptions a text makes about its referent, its readers, and its context—to portions of the text which are read, but which are not explicitly there. ... Once upon a time is a trace rich in rhetorical presupposition, signaling to even the youngest reader the opening of a fictional narrative. Texts not only refer to but in fact contain other texts. (James E. Porter, Intertextuality and the Discourse Community. Rhetoric Review, Fall 1986)

Hamlet Comparison Essay Movie vs. Play - 2586 Words

Ambrosia Mitchell 3/6/13 English 12 And the Academy Award for Being Over Dramatic Goes To†¦ Tony Robbins said, â€Å"To effectively communicate, we must realize that we are all different in the way we perceive the world and use this understanding as a guide to our communication with others†. Shakespeare’s writing has had many different ways of being presented because people perceive it in different ways. Whether it is a literal representation or a spin, directors like to show viewers the way they perceive the text. In the movie version of Hamlet the director, Kenneth Branagh, wanted the viewers to find Shakespeare interesting and full of action and drama. Kenneth chose the right direction to go in to keep the audience’s attention but it†¦show more content†¦Kenneth Branagh made it seem like Hamlet was following his father’s orders even though in the play he wasn’t. This made the audience feel better about Hamlet because he was actually taking action. Although Kennethâ₠¬â„¢s version of Hamlet’s character took action it is not as tragic as Hamlet’s character in the play because by Hamlet not taking action it shows how sensitive and hurt he was. Hamlet’s father died a tragic death. Shakespeare never clearly states the atmosphere and setting of where Claudius poisoned his brother but Branagh chose a clever way to show it. The scene started off outside of the castle on a snowy day. King Hamlet was taking a nap in a chair when Claudius snuck up behind him. Claudius poured poison in the ear of the king and that is when Hamlet awoke from his sleep and started choking. He looked his brother in the eye and died. Kenneth really made it apparent how evil Claudius is. He watched his own brother die and he felt nothing. He made Claudius act the same way as Shakespeare wrote his character to be. Shakespeare had chosen to have Claudius tell the people of Denmark that Hamlet had been killed by a snake. The snake is a perfect symbol of Claudius. Ever since the beginning of time snakes have been viewed as evil because of the story of Adam and Eve. G-d told Adam and Eve to not eat the fruit from the tree of knowledge. While Adam was e lsewhere a snake, the devil, came to Eve. He used his sly ways to convince Eve to eatShow MoreRelatedGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pages GP NOTES 2010 (ESSAY) Content Page 1. Media a. New vs. Traditional b. New: narcissistic? c. Government Censorship d. Profit-driven Media e. Advertising f. Private life of public figures g. Celebrity as a role model h. Blame media for our problems i. Power + Responsibility of Media j. Media ethics k. New Media and Democracy 2. Science/Tech a. Science and Ethics b. Government and scientist role in science c. Rely too much on technology? d. Nuclear technologyRead MoreMasculinity in the Philippines12625 Words   |  51 Pagespropaganda of gender dimorphism and a militarized form of male initiation. 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Epidemic Of Dengue Virus Free Essays

string(56) " due to foreign persons’ movement within the country\." Ghani et al (2008) conducted a research on the 2006 epidemic of dengue virus at a tertiary care centre in Sindh. The basic reason behind conducting research was to investigate the outcome of a selected group of patients who were either alleged or had been confirmed to be infected with the dengue virus and were being provided treatment at Liaquat Univesity Hospital in Hyderabad. The methodology that was used in this research was that 116 patients were kept under observation as they were being treated for the dengue infection. We will write a custom essay sample on Epidemic Of Dengue Virus or any similar topic only for you Order Now All relevant tests pertaining to finding out whether a person has dengue were conducted. These tests were like investigating the platelet count of the patient for thrombocytopenia, symptoms recognition like myalgia, high febrility, purpura and dengue antibody recognition etc. The clinical information conducted was also supported with other data gathering such as demographics and the data analysis was done on the SPSS 10. 0 software. The findings that were registered indicated that out of 116 patients, only 52 patients had the dengue infection. Almost all of the confirmed cases had indications of thrombocytopenia and leucopenia which are key factors in determining the dengue virus. The mortality rate in this case was that of three deaths. Khan et al (2010) researched on a similar topic as done by Ghani et al (2008) and it relates to the incidence of dengue fever in a tertiary care hospital. The setup in which the research was conducted matched that of Ghani et al (2008) i. e. the sample was selected at Liaquat University Hospital in Hyderabad. The research was also descriptive in nature as it was meant to find out the number of patients who actually had dengue as they had initially been reported with dengue related symptoms but had not been proven positive as yet. The methodology in this regard was that patients and those also who were adults and had been reported with acute fever were checked for dengue fever. The methodology in this regard is different as it is looking into both dengue hemorrhagic and dengue shock syndrome which are varying grades of dengue infection. The procedure for investigating the symptoms was the same as in the case of Ghani et al (2008) in which clinical tests were conducted such as tourniquet test, hematological examination etc. The conclusion was that out of a total of 50 patients, only 20 were confirmed to be suffering from dengue fever out of which only 2 were listed as suffering from dengue hemorrhagic fever; no mortality rate was noticed. Ayyub et al (2006) research is similar to the two that have been discussed before except that this time the setting is not of Pakistan and in fact has been done in a public hospital in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. This particular research aims to target the clinical, laboratory and demographic profile of all the patients that have been confirmed with either dengue fever or dengue hemorrhagic fever and the hospital setting in this regard is King Abdulaziz Hospital Oncology Center in Jeddah. The methodology followed in this regard was of similar nature to the previously mentioned researches. In this one a sample of 80 patients were considered. All of these patients had been admitted in the timeline of May 2004 till April 2005 and the patients’ symptoms were suspected to be that of either dengue fever or dengue hemorrhagic fever. Statistical profiling was done in which the factors that were considered were age, gender, monthly distribution, ethnicity clinical and laboratory profiles. The accumulated data was then analyzed using SPSS version 7. 5 software. The findings indicated that out of 80 patients, only 39 patients were confirmed to have the dengue virus and the male to female ratio was 3. 3:1. The duration of hospitalization was between 4 to 23 days thus making an average of 7. 3 days. Eventually all patients showed signs of improvement and were completely treated towards the end of the period. Rahman et al (2002) research is based upon the initial outbreak of dengue hemorrhagic fever in Bangladesh in 2000. The research is different from the above mentioned three researches as the sample population is confirmed to be suffering from the dengue virus and only the dengue virus serotype has to be confirmed. The methodology consisted of doing an observation for dengue patients in a hospital from July 1- October 31, 2000. The clinical details of every patient were tabulated along with some demographic data such as age. The research is different as it also focuses on the type of dengue viruses through antibody recognition which in this regard are the analysis of immunoglobulin (Ig) M and (Ig) G. The types of viruses were indicated through a test known as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results concluded that out of 176 confirmed dengue patients 60. 2% suffered from dengue fever, 39. 2% suffered from dengue hemorrhagic fever while 0. 6% had dengue shock syndrome. The mortality rate in this case was 1. 14% as two atients died in which one suffered from dengue fever and the other from dengue shock syndrome. Both patients in this regard were adults. Raja and Devi (2006) conducted research on the level of dengue disease prevalent in the teaching hospital which was the University of Malaya in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. This research has been done on a larger scale when compared to other mentioned researches as the timeline of investigation was from 2002 to 2004 and more than 4000 patients were observed and analyzed. The methodology is similar in which demographic, laboratory and clinical features were tabulated and recorded. As in the case of Rahman et al (2002) the ELISA test was also conducted to establish the types of dengue viruses occurring amongst patients and in which proportion. Ethnicity was also taken as a major variable owing to the fact that Malaysia is known for its tourism industry and it was being analyzed whether the dengue virus was present due to foreign persons’ movement within the country. You read "Epidemic Of Dengue Virus" in category "Essay examples" The conclusion of the research was that a total of 4753 patients were recorded to be suffering from dengue virus infection, out of which 2606 were males and 2137 were females and that the most affected age group was from 1 to 10 years then from 21 to 30 years and finally 11 to 20 years. Out of the ethnic groups recorded Malays were the affected ethnicity. The most common dengue infection was that of dengue fever which was around 91% while 5. % were indicated as dengue hemorrhagic fever and only a few cases had dengue shock syndrome. However the results also indicated a rising trend in dengue infections throughout the recorded years and this puts light on the fact that the spread of dengue is increasing yearly and is a cause of alarm and should be carefully controlled. Lum et al (2007) is a very effective research when the results of Raja and Devi (2006) are to be considered and also on the fact concerning the rising trend of the dengue infection. The paper focuses on the prevailing management standards that are set by hospitals to control and treat the spread of dengue virus. The research also looks into the various sectors of dengue management and tries to identify the areas that can be improved upon. The research has been done on a global basis as all of the authors are part of a cross country collaborative study which focuses on dengue case management. The research has been backed up by the World Health Organization (WHO). It is an exploratory research which ims at providing a standardized format in which patients showing symptoms related to dengue infection can be properly diagnosed and if confirmed positive, then what is the type of treatment will be provided for the entire infection cycle. Mostly the research lays emphasis on early detection of onset of dengue infection as negligence can lead to worsening of the patients health and may lead towards either dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome which can prove fatal. The research also focuses on treating patients with varying levels of severity of infection. The research concludes on finding an appropriate management style in which dengue infection can be properly treated and the possible inception of training programs which can be conducted to make the system more efficient. Riaz et al (2009) analyzes on the extent to which dengue fever had occurred in Karachi during the 2006 epidemic. The research primarily focuses on the spread of dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome amongst adult patients who had been admitted in a tertiary care hospital in Karachi. The research is somewhat broader in the context that it also focuses on the cost that patients had to bear during their treatment period. The methodology of study was similar as in the previous mentioned researches that a hospital is chosen in which the statistical information related to dengue is recorded over a period of time, which in this case was from January to December 2006. In this time the number of patients was divided into three categories based on the severity of the dengue infection. The type of symptoms was also noticed in all three categories. The research concluded that the prevalence of dengue fever was on the rise and a lot of patients were falling under the severe infections of DHF and DSS. The alarming fact noticed was that it tended to be in more in younger patients and was also indicated a higher fatality rate. Witayathawornwong (2001) research is very important as it analyzes the severity of dengue hemorrhagic fever amongst infants and the level of seriousness that can occur in this regard. The research is important as it is focusing on a very short age group range and also because this age group is amongst those that are highly susceptible to the spread of dengue fever and the level of complications may be more in this age group. The research was conducted in tertiary care hospital namely Petchabun Hospital which is situated in Thailand. The research only focuses on the patients suffering from dengue hemorrhagic fever and not dengue fever and dengue shock syndrome. The methodology of this research was conducted in a way in which 31 patients from a total of 1044 cases of DHF were chosen. The median age was 8 months. All relevant tests pertaining to the indication of the dengue virus were conducted via clinical and laboratory procedures. The data was categorized in terms of its nature e. g. clinical data, epidemiological data etc. The conclusion of this research was that even though the patients recovered but, the time taken for recovery and the sort of treatment provided was more extensive and required careful handling of the patients and more advanced procedures like plasma or red blood cell replacement. Bhatty et al (2009) research is more of a specialized nature as it focuses on one of the clinical aspects that arise from dengue fever which is that of acute acalculous cholecystitis. This is more commonly known as gall bladder infection and is of secondary nature as it arises due to the onset of dengue fever. The aim of this research is to evaluate the frequency and management of acute acalculous cholecystitis in dengue fever patients. The setting of this research was done in Civil Hospital in Karachi. The methodology of this research was that 40 patients suffering from dengue fever were investigated and tests were performed which would indicate the presence of acute acalculous cholecystitis. This was done through liver function tests, blood sampling and ultrasound which indicated if any liver or gall bladder enlargement was important. The research is important as this secondary infection is an important indicator of whether a person is suffering from dengue or not. Also this infection itself requires careful handling and the preventive procedures have to be kept in check. The findings of this research were that eleven out of 40 patients suffered from acute acalculous cholecystitis which was seen as a major proportion, but no fatality was present and the patients recovered fully by the help of proper clinical procedures and health management. Syed et al (2010) research caters to a very significant area which focuses on the perception of dengue fever by the adults of high and low socioeconomic groups. The research focuses on various dimensions such as how the diverse class groups are knowledgeable about the dengue virus and what is their outlook towards it and that do they take proper preventive procedures of avoiding the spread of the dengue virus or not. The methodology in this regard was done in the form of a cross sectional survey which consisted of targeting the diverse socioeconomic classes prevailing in the Karachi area. In this regard a sample size of 440 adults was taken and the primary data collection tools used was questionnaires. The results were then compiled and run through regression analysis in which knowledge regarding dengue infection was taken. The findings indicated that only about thirty five percent of the sample size had sufficient knowledge concerning dengue and this was also prevalent amongst the higher socioeconomic classes. The findings indicated that the government is not taking proper measures to educate the mass public about dengue virus and what type of proper preventive methods are required to stop the spread of dengue infection. Possibly as the research concludes more attention should be given towards informing the lower socioeconomic groups. How to cite Epidemic Of Dengue Virus, Essay examples

Health Literacy in Regards to Effective Communication

Question: Discuss about theHealth Literacy in Regards to Effective Communication. Answer: Introduction Health literacy is related to the skills required obtain, impute and process information pertaining to problems related to health like treatment and preventive methods of diseases, safety measures and accident prevention, primary medical aid, drugs and alcohol, emergencies and living a healthy life (Australian Bureau of Statistics). However, there is variation in the way health literacy is understood and applied. Ethnic and linguistic diversity is also an important barrier which should be considered, especially in a context to highly diversified country. Cultural competency is a crucial strategy for minimising the disparity in healthcare access and quality of healthcare provided by the organization. A health care system which is culturally competent can help to ameliorate the standards of health and care. It also helps in removing racial and cultural health disparities. Training about the cultural beliefs and diverse ethnic issues to service providers of the health organization would be beneficial. Also making strategies which overcomes system and language related hurdles to patient service would help to achieve goal of the organization. Effective Communication Communication is one of the foundations of health care. Effective communication is must for the interaction in healthcare. It includes making appointments and registering, discussing the medical condition, treatments and understanding the precautions and care. Health communication is stated as the interpersonal and communication with the mass activities focusing on enhancing the health of people and masses (Ishikawa Takahiro, 2010). Health Literacy in Regards to Effective Communication Health literacy is recognised as a determinant of health and quality of health care. Poor communication is one of the reasons of low quality health care in the health care organization. Consideration of health literacy in relation to language and culture is important in diverse health care environment. Effective communication should be observed at the level of organization, administration and personal terms to meet the diverse needs of health care. There is rise in recognition of the level of interrelation in health literacy and effective communication but only few attempts have been made to integrate them, for example, in the health professional training or developing organizational standards. Issues Health literacy status and effective communication between patient and the organization can be observed through the behaviour of the patients. They face several challenges. In many cases patients have issues learning about their medical conditions.Many of them lack the confidence in completing the medical forms by themselves. Few also require help in reading the hospital material. A discretion depicting the relation of health related knowledge to effective communication is also observed. Communication is measured differently in different framework of health literacy .About 25% population of northern territory in aboriginal in Australia and approximately 70% speak different languages at home other than English. It is more in remote areas. Some reports suggest that the difference in cultural and educational backgrounds between the patients and the health professionals lead to problems in health literacy (Lowell Schmitt 2014). Language barriers may be one the important factor in obstructing interactive patient-physician communication. For example, if an aboriginal patient seeks a health care physician from the same ethnic background, for the treatment of a particular disease and the traditional remedies. Both of them will have a comfortable and good quality communication leading a high level of health literacy because they speak the same language and share the common background. On the other hand, if there are an aboriginal patient (who does not speak English) and a non- aboriginal professional discussing a particular disease without using an interpreter. They will have a poor communication and a low level of health literacy because of the language and cultural gap. The patient may not have the idea about the medical terms and the medical language associated with the disease and the health care professional may not understand the patients knowledge about the disease and the conditions. This will affect the standards of the organization and the service they provide. The culturally bound beliefs, values of a person influence his knowledge of interpreting healthcare messages. Studies suggest that health literacy is a problem associated not just with the professionals working for the urban or poor population but it is an extensive problem associated with several communities. For example, the elder citizens mostly have less knowledge about health literacy in comparison to young generation which leads to poor communication and thus affecting the service of health care. (Baker, Gazmararian Sudano Patterson 2000). Getting information from internet is also a challenge for the elderly, poor and non English speaking population. Quality of the health information received is also not checked (Smith Malone, 2008; Walji et al., 2004). Studies are being conducted to determine the patients who are mostly vulnerable because of low health literacy. The test of foundation health literacy in adults (TOFHLA) and rapid estimate of adult literacy in medicine (REALM) are in use to check the health literacy and translated into many languages to be used in different cultures ( Dewalt, 2004) Merits and Demerits Health literacy can help in developing a good understanding of diseases and the health care organization services among the patients. As per the study conducted (Berkman) people having sufficient knowledge about health literacy can reach out, understand the health information opinions and instructions of the physician. This will lead to an effective communication and thus will helps in improving the management of chronic diseases, prevention of infections, and spread of severe viral diseases. A study religious leaders lead the way by WHO in Jordan gives a good example of health literacy in regards to effective communication. The study helped in improving the frequency and number of the religious leaders who guide the public about family planning, reproductive health and gender equality. The leaders were trained to improve their communication skills with the masses, knowledge about the health issues. The results were good as the family planning rate increased by approx 30% in four yea rs. Australia is a country with people from diverse cultural background. Culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) population from countries where the native language is not English. They are prone to develop preventable chronic diseases like diabetes mellitus, respiratory disorders and cardio vascular diseases. The factors responsible for this include the lack of access to the services provided by the health organization. The CALD population expressed that they require more access to interpreters and communication related to their culture and education. They consider themselves as being discriminated and also experience racism which will create an unhealthy environment in the country. This problem can be attributed to the miscommunication which resulted due to lack of health literacy among the CALD population. Challenges The major challenges faced by the health professional include interacting with patients having poor health literacy and wining their trust. Patient with different socio-economic status, cultural background, education face difficulty while interacting with health professional from different background. The comfort level of the patient is also low while discussing a health issue with the professional. Also many times the patient does not prefer the same organization each time they require care. This hampers the quality of services by the organization. Strategies to Overcome the Hurdles Many organizations and professionals believe that communication is more effective when it is patient-centred, fulfilling patients need and preferences. (Stewart, 2001). The organization should be responsible for maintaining a patient- centred communication in every respect, from providing patient forms, reports, patients educational material and training professionals to be able to have a better communication with the patients. Professional should develop their skills to identify health literacy assumptions and biases as a part of cultural understanding. Strategies should be made to reach populations that may not understand the information and jargon in English. This includes patients who have a limited or no English proficiency, low health literacy or having diverse ethnic background. In addition to this health care disparities occur when miscommunication disproportionally affects certain patient populations. (IOM, 2001). It is important to overcome such problems to meet the national health policy goals. A health care service provider must also be aware of the ethical values of the patients to provide better services. It should serve the needs of the people related to diverse cultural background. Health literacy, cultural competence and linguistic competence are must in order to maintain an effective communication because these integrations are important for health care to serve the needs of diverse communities. (Pleasant Mc kinney, 2011). Although oral communication skills are recognised as an important feature of health literacy, some scientists consider cultural and conceptual knowledge, the use of information by an individual and interaction between health service providers and administration should be included in health literacy. Few other consider that the measures are inadequate. Scientist suggest to include the skill like cultural a conceptual knowledge, the way individuals assess the information and their communication with the professionals to be also measured to overcome the bridge of ineffective communication and create a better health environment in the society. Conclusion The goal of using techniques and methods to improve health literacy among the professionals and the patients from diverse culture should be to enhance quality of health for the people acknowledging patients understanding about their health condition treatment and precautions. The way they assess the various information regarding the health issues. This can be achieved by developing a better patient physician interactions which involves effective communication techniques like patient-centred communication and ensuring their skills and knowledge about the issues .the barriers which limit the professionals in improving the communication should be removed. New ways should be created to overcome the hurdles by the system to improve the effective health literacy and reduce the demands of the patients. References Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2009). Australian Social Trends: Using Statistics to paint a picture ofAustralian Society. Cat no. 4102.0. ABS: Canberra. Ishikawa, H., Takahiro, K. (2010). Health Literacy and health communication. BioPshychoSocialMedicine, 4(18). Viewed on 15 September 2016 from https://www.bpsmedicine.com Baker, D., Gazmararian, G. A., Sudano, J., Patterson, M. (2000). The association between age andhealth literacy among elderly persons. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 55(6), 368. Smith, E. A., Malone, R. E. (2008) Philip Morriss health information website appears responsible but undermines public health. Public Health Nursing. 25, 554-564. Walji, M., Sagaram, S., Sagaram, D., Meric-Bernstam, F., Johnson, C., Mirza, N. Q., Bernstam, E. (2004). Efficacy of quality criteria to identify potentially harmful information; A cross-sectional survey of complementary alternatives medicine websites. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 6. Retrieved on 15 September 2016, from https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1550600 Eqbert, N. Nanna, K. M. (2009). Health Literacy: Challenges and Strategies. The Online Journal of Issues in nursing. Retrieved from https://www.nursingwolrd.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Vol142009/ Pleasant, A., McKinney, J., Rikard, R.V. (2011). Health Literacy Measurement: A Proposed Research Agenda. Journal of Health Communication: International Perspectives, 16(sup3),11-12 Dewalt, D.A., Berkman, N. D., Sheridan, S., Lohr, K. N., Pignone, M. P. (2004). Literacy and health outcomes. Journal of General Internal Medicines, 19, 1228-1239. Viewed on 15 September 2016 from https://www.nursingwolrd.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Vol142009/ Berkman, N. D., Davis, T. C., McCormack, L. (2010). Health literacy: what is it? J Health Commun Int Perspect.15 (1 supp 2):9-19. Doi: 10.1080/108110730.2010.499985. Viewed on15 September 2016. Retrieved fromhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4267746/#CR20 Ratzan, S, C. (2010). The Importance of Improving Health Literacy. Viewed on 14September 2016 from https://www.blogjnj.com/2010/06/the-importance-of-improving-health-literacy/ Kripalani, S, and Weiss, B, D. (2006). Teaching About Health Literacy and ClearCommunication, Journal of General Internal Medicine. 21(8): 888 890. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1831575/ Osborne, H. (2013). Health Literacy from A to Z: Practical ways to communicate your health messages. (ed. 2nd). Jones and Bartlett: Wall Street Burlington, https://books.google.co.in/books?id=kf9_IDhdRdcCprintsec=frontcoverdq=communication+and+health+literacyhl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwi0p8iL8Y7PAhUBPBQKHX8cCkEQ6AEIIjAB#v=onepageq=communication%20and%20health%20literacyf=false